The
beginning of electrical stimulation
for abating physical pain is lost in
antiquity. Early accounts of using
torpedo fish and eels to deliver
strong electric shocks to the body
were known to exist in the Egyptian
civilization. Magnetic iron,
lodestones, and electrically charged
Amber were all known to most ancient
peoples. Galen (AD131-201), the
famous Roman physician, records the
use of electrical fish to cure gout
and other diseases. Electric fish
were used in
India
and the Middle
East throughout the
middle ages and into the mid 19th
century. The eighteenth through the
early twentieth century saw the use
of Leyden
jars and all types of static
electricity collecting and
discharging devices. Many types of
direct current devices were invented
and applied to various areas of the
human body for a multiplicity of
disease conditions.
Nicola Tesla invented the modern
transformer and opened the door for
the practical application of
alternating electricity.
Electro-therapy followed suit,
developing devices based upon the
generation of biphasic alternating
electrical wave forms. In Tesla’s
lifetime, thousands of alternating
current devices were deployed by
medical practitioners of all genres
and mores. Some were effective for
their stated purpose, but many were
conceived with hucksterism and
quackery in mind. To the uneducated
public, the medical use of
electricity was still a mysterious
and magical force. Early twentieth
century
Hollywood depictions of
Frankenstein in the Transylvanian
laboratory did little to clarify the
legitimate therapeutic application
of electricity.
The role of
bio-electromagnetism,
bio-electricity, and the nature of
the biological photon and electron
was poorly defined, and critical
concepts established by basic
research into cellular and
subcellular physiology necessary for
the application of any clinically
effective technology was sorely
lacking. Modern tools for exploring
those realms had not been invented.
During World
War I electro-therapy began to be
utilized to hasten recovery of
peripheral nerve injuries with some
success. Nothing new developed in
the field then for the years between
the wars. During the later stages of
World War II, and soon after,
emphasis on the field of physical
therapy and rehabilitation slowly
gained in professional stature,
though reliance was placed primarily
on patient-initiated performance and
exercise, and little on external
light, sound, physical manipulation,
or electrical physical therapy
devices. Later diathermy and
ultrasound were introduced.
Local
electrical analgesia as a phenomenon
then lay dormant until its
republication by Wall and Sweet in
1967 under the impetus of
investigations originally initiated
to study the effects of 'gating' peripheral
input. Melzack and Wall released
their famous pain gate theory
forming the conceptual basis of
Transcutaneous Electrical Neuro-Stimulation.
Kane and Taub reported temporarily
abolishing chronic pain by
electrically stimulating peripheral
nerves via electrodes on the surface
of the skin; the technique soon
became known as 'Transcutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)'
(Wall and Sweet 1967).
President Richard Nixon
re-established relations with
mainland China in the decade of the
seventies, and the ancient art of
acupuncture was introduced on a
broad scale to the West. But in the
early fifties, before the Nixon era
cultural infusion, Dr. Rhinehold
Voll had already developed
Electro-Acupuncture according to
Voll (EAV) in
Germany.
Dr. Voll and his colleagues were
already established as vanguards for
developing scientifically based
electro-therapy and
electro-diagnosis well before
acupuncture became popularized in America.
The application of electrical
micro-currents to inserted
acupuncture needles was soon adopted
as a standard practice by many
therapists in everyday practice, but
the occidental mindset of western
scientists was not just satisfied
with observing the clinical outcomes
of acupuncture therapy, but probed
possible mechanisms of action,
seeking to understand how
acupuncture actually functioned. As
East met West, new
neuro-endocrinological and neuro-somatic
models were developed. Some
classical models were scrapped or
modified to fit a still evolving
scientific paradigm for
comprehending cellular
communications within the living
body.
In order to acquire a true
appreciation of modern BESTTM
technology and its current
application to therapy, the
important contributions of several
modern pioneers of the neuro-electro-physiological
concepts are explained for the
reader below.
In
the early fifties, Reinhold Voll, a
German medical doctor, developed an
electronic testing device for
finding acupuncture points. He was
successful in finding acupuncture
points and demonstrating that these
points, known to Chinese
acupuncturists for millennia, had a
different resistance (impedance) to
a tiny electrical current passing
through the body, than did the
adjacent tissues. Whereas
acupuncture points displayed an
impedance of about 50,000 ohms.
Normal tissue displayed an impedance
of 250,000 to 300,000 ohms. Many
other researchers have also verified
that electrical conductance at the
acupuncture points is significantly
greater than the surrounding tissue.
Voll then began a lifelong search to
identify correlations between
disease states and changes in the
electrical impedance of the various
acupuncture points. He reasoned that
if he was able to identify
electrical changes in certain
acupuncture points associated with
certain diseases, then he might be
able to diagnose diseases more
easily, or earlier.
Earlier intervention was
likely to be more effective. Voll
was successful in identifying many
acupuncture points related to
specific conditions and published a
great deal of information about
using acupuncture points
diagnostically.
Voll pioneered electro-dermal
diagnosis. Before Voll’s work, these
ancient points had been used mainly
for therapy. He found, for example,
that patients with cancer in a
specific organ had abnormal readings
on the acupuncture points referred
to as the respective organ points.
Changes also occurred in the
electrical impedance of specific
acupuncture points associated with
the inflamed musculoskeletal
structures.
Voll
was very astute in observing and
delineating the concept of
biologically closed circuits and
modulation of conductance/impedance
of the circuits of his clinical
interest. This opened the door for
future researchers such as
Nordenstrom and Becker to expand his
concepts.
Voll discovered that certain
acupuncture points showed abnormal
readings when subjects were reacting
in an inflammatory mode. A classic
inflammatory condition he observed
extensively was allergy. He made
several serendipitous discoveries
related to “allergy” testing. He
noted some unusual readings on
certain acupuncture points when a
patient had a bottle of medicine in
his pocket. He could remove the
bottle and consistently get
different readings when the bottle
was in his pocket compared to when
it was not. At first he was baffled
as to how a closed bottle of
medicine outside the body could
affect the acupuncture readings. It
was even more baffling when he
discovered that the glass bottle of
medicine could change the readings
when it was in contact anywhere
along the closed electric circuit
involved with the testing procedure.
Placing a bottle of medication
directly on the skin associated with
an acupuncture point or meridian had
a profound effect on his impedance
measurements.
Voll and his colleagues then began
work to identify the nature of these
strange phenomena. They inserted a
metal plate into the circuit and
demonstrated that many substances
that prelude changes in acupuncture
point readings when ingested could
produce the same changes when placed
on the plate (even in closed glass
bottles). They assumed that there
must be some kind of
electro-magnetic energy being
emitted from the substances, and
that these energy fields somehow
traveled along the electric circuit
to the body (perhaps like the energy
waves representing a person's voice
travels along the electric circuitry
of a telephone line). From these
findings, Voll developed an
extensive system of electro-dermal
diagnostic and therapeutic
instrumentation that is still in use
by electro-acupuncturist around the
world.
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Patrick David Wall
|
Ronald Melzack
|
Ronald Melzack,
a Canadian psychologist, and Patrick
David Wall, a British physician in,
1962 presented the idea that the
perception of physical pain is not a
direct result of activation of
nocioceptors (the ending of sensory
afferent nerve fibers) but instead
is modulated by interaction between
different neurons both
pain-transmitting and
non-pain-transmitting motor,
proprioceptive etc. Activation of
these nerves can block transmission
of pain signals from afferent
nerves, competitively inhibiting
them from transmission.
The Gate theory of pain postulates that in each dorsal horn of the spinal cord there is a
gate-like mechanism which inhibits
or facilitates the flow of afferent
pain impulses into the spinal cord
before it evokes pain perception and
response. Opening or closing of the
'gate' is dependent on the relative
activity in the large diameter
myelinated (A-beta) and small
diameter fibres (A-d and C).
Activity in the large diameter
myelinated fibres tends to close the
'gate,' and activity in the small
diameter fibres tends to open it.
TENS unit operation is consistent
with this theory.
Entry into the CNS can be
viewed as a gate which is opened by
afferent pain impulses and closed by
TENS low intensity stimulation.
Dr. Becker described what he
believed to be two separate nervous
systems, one of which is responsible
for the generation of the channels
or meridians of energy flow of the
vital energies. In the developing
nervous system (NS) outside the
central nervous system (CNS),
perineural cells, cells which
support the nerves in many ways,
embryologically form first. Neurons
develop into tracts that grow within
the pathway formed by the perineural
cells. Perineural cells consisting
of Schwann cells and Glial cells
wrap themselves around the nerve
axons. Schwann cells consist of
layers of “myelin,” a type of lipid
that acts like an insulator on an
electric wire. One result is more
rapid nerve transmission of
impulses. The perineural cells
within the CNS outnumber the nerve
cells, and Glial, Schwann cell
wrapping around the axons of main
pathways, also occurs for rapid
transmission in the CNS. ?????
Neuron signaling is digital in
nature, with action potentials are
propagated for “on” or
non-propagation - “off”????. This
because nerve conduction is
facilitated by sudden changes in the
permeability of cell membranes, by
voltage gated channels that open and
close. Net charge is based upon the
differences of positive and negative
charges within the cell in respect
to outside the cell. As the
character of the charged ions
change, the net charge changes. This
is termed “transmembrane ion flux.”
The net charge before depolarization
is restored by actively pumping the
ions back out after the ionic
inversion to restore the
resting-state charge, before the
event. Switching “on” is
depolarization and switching back to
“off” is repolarization, “off” also
being the normal charge of the
resting state of the neuron. The
event/unit time of depolarization/repolarization
is called an “action potential.” The
generation and propagation of action
potential are “all or none” events,
hence communication by neurons in
the nervous system is digital in
nature. The action potential moves
up the axon of a neuron like a
tsunami wave through water.
Becker elucidated a second energetic
and informational network which he
termed the “Perineural Nervous
System,” consisting of connective
tissue, Schwann cells, and Glial (astrocytes
and ogliodendrocytes) surrounding
axons and nerve fibers. The
perineural system is analog in
nature and generates slow moving
bi-directional waves of direct
current that flows throughout all
tissues of the body, communicating
integral and regulatory information
on the cellular level.
Image:
NIH
Typical
neuron cell body with supporting
glial cell structures within a
fiber, ganglion, or the CNS.
The
glial cells form the second
communication system Becker termed
the “Perineural
Nervous System.”
Becker confirmed Nobel Laureate
Albert Saint Gorgyi’s hypothesis of
solid state communication within the
living intracellular matrix of
connective substances that cements,
not just the perineural nervous
system cells into communication
tracts, but all cells into their
respective tissues.
The
clinical implications of Becker’s
discoveries were successfully
applied for the regeneration of
damaged or missing
tissues/appendages, healing of
wounds, and regulation of the
abnormal nervous system. The
Perineural System senses and
communicates injury by emitting a
positively charged current, which
Becker termed the “current of
injury.” The positively charged
injury environment with respect to
normal surrounding tissues creates
an environment for repair and
controls the healing process.
Negatively charged substances
such as proteins and nutrients are
attracted to the area for
incorporation in the healing
process.
Dr.
Becker found the Acupuncture Points
to be stable and to produce minute
direct currents. The
Acupuncture Points then are DC
booster amplifiers spaced along the
Acupuncture Meridians. Thus, the
direct currents of injury are
carried to the brain, interpreted as
pain, and stimulate the output
signals for modulating the healing
process. This creates a closed-loop
negative feedback system. Tissue
fibroblasts secrete collagen
(scarring) and sensitive cells
de-differentiate and proliferate to
repair the injury. A primary
regulator in the healing process is
the secretion of substances by the
brain, spinal cord, gut, and
peripheral nerve fibers, termed “neuro-peptides”
(NP). Many NPs are regulatory in
nature and modulate long-term
homeostatic mechanisms. Becker
described direct nerve to epithelial
cell attachments in the skin called
neuro-epidermal junctions (NEJs).
These junctions are crucial for any
real complete healing to occur. Both
these components, perineural cells
and NEJs, make up the physical
structures which guide the healing
properties inherent in the genetic
material within the nucleus of every
living cell of the body. Becker
believed these junctions are
connected to, and are related to,
the acupuncture meridian system. It
is these NEJs that create the minute
(+) direct current of injury at the
site of trauma and thus informs the
CNS where the injury is located
through the perineural cells, by
amplifying and boosting the signal
along the meridians.
Becker’s work has been foundational
in the West for the field of
regenerative medicine. His work
served as a basis for present stem
cell research and their clinical
applications. In addition, his work
in elucidating the nature of the
perineural nervous system provided
scientific evidence for the
existence of acupuncture points and
meridians and explained their
functioning in the western mindset.
At the same time Becker began
conducting his clinical research
into wound healing and tissue
regeneration, Erwin Neher and Bert
Sakmann developed the “patch clamp
method” to prove the existence of
ion channels incorporated within the
outer membrane that enclose the
cell.
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Erwin Neher
|
Bert Sackmann
|
Nehr and Sackmann were awarded the
Nobel Prize in Medicine for their
efforts. With this method, the ionic
current is measured on a tiny
membrane patch to which a
predetermined voltage clamp is
applied. Working within a
microscopic world of minute
subcellular structures required
extreme sensitivity for measuring in
angstroms, microns, and pico-amps,
within micro-seconds observation
intervals, and required exceptional
agility for micro-manipulation of
the patch. This patch is only a few
square micrometers in size and
contains a single ion channel. When
the current is measured, abrupt,
short-term jolts can be observed:
The channel opens, ions flow through
it, and electrical charges transfer
from one side of the membrane to the
other. Then the channel closes
again. Currents of a few pico-Ampere
can be measured within as little as
one millisecond.
In 1976 Neher and Sakmann succeeded
in measuring the ionic current of
single channels in the cell membrane
of a muscle fiber. The patch clamp
measurement apparatus used to
provide evidence of the existence of
ion channels was developed at the
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical
Chemistry in Göttingen and can today
be viewed in the
German Museum in
Bonn. This
experimental setup led to molecular
electrophysiology as a recognized
science.
Neher and Sakmann’s work has been
foundational in understanding
diseases termed channelopathies, the
failure or defective function of ion
channels within cell membranes.
Structural proteins that comprise
the walls of ion channels can be
defective due to genetic damage. Ion
channels are also involved in
myocardial arrhythmia, diabetes,
high blood pressure, incontinence,
multiple sclerosis, diabetes, angina
pectoris and epileptic seizures. Ion
channels that rely on voltage to
open and close (termed “voltage
gated ion channels,” VG) fail to
function, simply because there is
not enough potential difference in
charge between outside and inside of
the membrane (energy) to operate. By
charging the inside of the cell
membrane, which stores charge like
an electronic capacitor, electro
stimulation devices restore the
energy necessary for voltage-gated
channels to function correctly. A
critical function associated with VG
ion channels is the regulation of
blood perfusion. Nerh and Sackman’s
contribution to understanding cell
membrane electrophysiology through
the “patch clamp” has been
invaluable to the fields of
medicine, cell biology,
pharmacology, and agriculture, and
are used extensively in research
laboratories throughout the world.
In an article written by physicist Peter Fraser, regarded the
world expert on the human body
field, Fraser expands collaborative
substance to Becker’s finding as to
the analog nature of perineural
communication and its higher level
regulation of the nervous system by
conceptualizing field theory.
“What is so difficult to explain
about the nervous system is that it
is discontinuous electrically, so
clearly an electrical explanation
cannot seriously be considered as an
explanation. The nervous system is
also discontinuous chemically, since
there are synapses placed at
irregular intervals in the nervous
system. So, if it’s not
electrochemical in essence, then why
is the electrochemical system even
part of the nervous system’s makeup?
Could it be that it is there to
provide the right energetic
environment to make the nervous
system work as a field mechanism?
That’s my thinking at this time. And
what’s more, it’s an energy saving
device so that it only works at the
instant it’s needed, when the
nervous system needs a sudden and
immediate charge, and it works in
the places where it is needed by the
nervous system. So for that the
electrical system works, but not for
an overall explanation of the
nervous system.
It is interesting to note, too, that
the electrical aspect of the nervous
system works completely outside of
the actual nervous tissue itself.
This is a real problem! The
mechanism of charge and
depolarization works outside of the
nerve cell.”
Seven Principles of the Human Body
Field
Fraser discusses the physics of
resonating cavities on a macro-level
arranged in the human body and
micro-level as arranged in cells and
tissues. He discusses communication
as “pure spatial information
presented in terms of structures.”
Fraser defines “energetic pathology”
as disease states that arise when
the body is forced to use less than
optimal pathways of energy and
communication transmission to get
its work done; pathways form organ
to organ and cell to cell, nerve to
nerve, even system to system. The
breakdown starts in the body-field
and distorts the flow of energy and
communications. This in contrast to
more conventional biochemical views
of pathology. This a powerful
article, goes far in understanding
the existence and function of the
human body field, and further aids
in the concepts of vegetative tissue
dysfunctions and subconscious
(non-nervous system), cellular
communications such as acupuncture
phenomenon.
Mae
Won Ho
Further reinforcing Fraser’s concept
of “pure spatial information
presented in terms of structures,”
Dr. Mae Won Ho has written
extensively on the structure of
water in living systems.
In her book
The Rainbow and the Worm and
several of her published papers, Dr.
Ho explains how water bound on
surfaces of proteins and membranes
conducts positive electricity and
could enable cells and tissues to
intercommunicate rapidly and
efficiently. But for transmission of
positive electricity to occur, water
must be structured in a sufficiently
ordered form and space for a proton
jump to occur from one water
molecule to the next.
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|
Hydration model of a triple
helix collagen molecule over
time
This serial graphic at the
left is a demonstration of
water hydrating Collagen
over time. Positive
electricity by jump proton
conduction flows through
collagen-bound water.
Damaged collagen retains
memory of injury through the
distorted crystalline
structure of the water.
Injured tissue inhibits
proper flow.
Mircro-current therapy
restores normal conductivity
by using charge flowing
through the liquid
crystalline water bound to
bring collagen chains back
into alignment.
Diagram-Rutgers
University
|
Protein and membrane surfaces in a
living organism impose that kind of
order on water. The spatial
arrangements allow for a proton from
one water molecule bound to a
structural protein to jump to the
next, and so on, allowing for the
conduction of positive electricity.
Jump conduction is faster than
ordinary electricity passing through
a metal wire, which involves
electrons actually moving, and much,
much faster than conduction by
charged ions diffusing through water
as displayed in neuronal action
potentials.
Dr. Ho proposed that the acupuncture
system and the DC body field of
Becker (Perineural) and Fraser Human
Body Field is actually a continuum
of liquid crystalline collagen
fibers that make up the bulk of the
connective tissues (again Saint
Gorgyi cellular solid state
communications idea). Bound water
layers (a pure spatial informational
relationship presented in structure)
on the collagen fibers provide
proton conduction pathways for rapid
intercommunication throughout the
body, enabling the organism to
function as a coherent whole. Her
liquid crystalline continuum
mediated hyper-reactivity to
allergens (a manifestation of
Fraser’s energetic pathology) and
the body's responsiveness to
different forms of subtle energy
medicine. It constitutes a "body
consciousness" (analog) working in
tandem with the "brain
consciousness" (digital) of the
nervous system.
|
|
Proof
of the Crystalline Structure
of Collagen
Micro
pictograph of actual
collagen molecules under
polarized light displaying
the hallmark of crystalline
structures known as “bi-refringence.”
As the plane of polarized
light illuminating the
microscopic dark field is
shifted, the molecules
refract different colors.
Refraction characteristics
under polarized light also
change with the percentage
of hydration of the collagen
molecule.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu
|
The phenomenon of bi-refringence,
the changing rainbow of colored
light emitted during exposure of a
substance to polarized light, is the
classic hallmark of crystalline
structure. Collagen consists in
nature of a three-stranded triple
helix structure. Collagen contains
the amino acid “Proline.” Proline is
incorporated in the structural
backbone of collagen, because its
hydrogen bonding characteristics are
responsible for the helical
conformation, and also for binding
large amount of water to its exposed
hydroxyl group jutting out from the
surface of the molecule. In fact,
collagen is saturated on its surface
with water. It is this bound water
that forms the liquid crystal
conduction matrix. Ho refers to the
bi-refringence of saturated collagen
as evidence of water bound to the
surface of collagen acting as a
liquid crystal or semiconductor for
proton conduction. It is also known
that meridians conduct photons of
light conduction.
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A.N. Revenko
|
A.
Karasev
|
The Western
approach to neuro-therapy for pain
abatement focused on the nervous
system. Information is digitally
originated by electrochemical
impulses and propagated along the
axon of neurons to synapses and
higher centers of the brain. While
Russian scientists accepted this
approach, they did not limit their
search for more effective therapies
exclusively to the nervous system.
Revenko, Karasev, and other Russian
Scientists explored another form
cells utilize to communicate with
other cells of the body,
communication possessing an analog
form of signaling. They developed
the concept that traumatized tissue
retains a “memory of injury” in the
form of blocked analog signaling to
the brain, and that the injury
memory contributed to vegetative
(chronic non-healing) tissue
dysfunction of traumatized or
pathologically affected tissue.
When one tissue or organ is depleted
of electrons then the metabolic
function of the tissue degenerates,
and the body makes adjustments by
pulling energy (voltage, electrons)
from other tissues in a balancing
act to maintain the highest level of
capacitance (i.e. maximum
reduction/oxidation potential,
charge) possible for energy
resources available. Organs are
paired so that deficient organs will
borrow energy (charge, electrons)
from their partner to remedy the
deficiency. This process continues
until the donating organ
degenerates, which in turn will
borrow from wherever possible. The
body continues to compensate for
electron deficiency and signaling
patterns, exacerbating in a downward
spiral to a terminal event.
Electro-stimulation devices termed
SCENAR (Self Controlled Energetic
Neuro-Adaptive Regulation) were
developed in
Russia in the
mid-seventies by A. Karasev, based
at Sochi University,
and extensively refined by Professor
A.N. Revenko (neurologist) and Ya.Z.
Grinberg (electrical engineer) and
many physicians and scientists based
in Taganrog,
Russia.
They were among the first
researchers to achieve repeatable
therapeutic results using electrical
signals to stimulate the immune
system. Their devices were created
for use by the Russian military and
space programs with the advantages
of being inexpensive, lightweight,
space saving, and a practical
substitute for pharmaceutical
therapy. Theoretically, pharmacy
supplies on board space vessels
could be reduced, saving space and
weight. In 1986 their first
electro-stimulation device passed
technical and clinical trials and
was cleared by the USSR Medical
Council for use in hospitals and in
homes. Devices carried by the
Russian Military were used to
effectively treat shock and as a
substitute for morphine on the
battlefield. It is known that SCENAR
was probably developed at a much
earlier date than officially stated.
Before their release to the world,
the technology remained a closely
guarded state secret. After the
reorganization of the
USSR,
the technology was declassified and
released to the world for
humanitarian relief as a gesture of
good will and a furtherance of
Perestroika.
Donald Shearn first demonstrated
biofeedback using Operant
conditioning of heart rate in 1962.
Neal Miller later used this
procedure and hypothesized that any
measurable physiological behavior
within the human body would respond
in some way to voluntary control.
Miller, in cooperation with his
graduate assistant De Cara,
discovered reinforcement by
electrically stimulating the
pleasure centers of a paralyzed
rat's brain induced changes in
various physiological values.
The traditional meaning of the term
biofeedback then, whether
measuring skin impedance, blood
pressure, body temperature, heart
rate, muscle tone etc., is the use
of the conscience mind to
control unconscious functions
(autonomic nervous system). The
assumed model for biofeedback was by
behavioral conditioning (learning),
although this has always model been
conjectural and never fully
confirmed.
As biofeedback therapy developed in
the West and struggled for
professional acceptance among
medical and mental health
practitioners, a parallel Russian
model for learned biofeedback
behavior was developed,
scientifically confirmed, and
successfully implemented into their
healthcare system. A second form of
biofeedback that did not require the
mediation of the conscious mind was
also successfully developed. This
second form of biofeedback was
associated with the conditioning
principles of behaviorism and had no
requirement for volition or
learning. This form of biofeedback
was labeled reflex biofeedback in
contrast to conscience learning
biofeedback. In reflex biofeedback,
directing micro-current stimulations
of the body by way of reflexive
pathways in the skin evokes
informational responses to the
brain. The skin and nervous system
are both derived embryologically
from the ectoderm layer of the
developing blastocyst. Hence, the
presence of Becker’s nerve to
epithelial cell attachments in the
skin called neuro-epidermal
junctions (NEJs). The Russians
developed a biofeedback device they
termed SCENAR for applying to the
skin. Like Voll’s impedance
assessment concepts, the electrical
properties of points and regions on
the skin provided points of
assessment for the nervous system
and the internal organs that were
innervated by them; the same points
and regions were also used for
therapeutic intervention by
inputting stimulation by their
device.
The cybernetic loop signaling based
upon impedance as a manifestation of
unconscious reflex biofeedback was
utilized.
Cybernetics
is defined as the science of
communication and control processes
within systems. Control is based on
communication, both within the
system and with the external
environment, and influences the
actions of the system to bring it
into some desired future state or to
maintain homeostasis. Cybernetics
includes the concepts of
auto-regulation and feedback as well
as the transmission and
self-correction of information, and
can be applied not only to machines
like computers but also to living
organisms, including humans, and to
complex organizations and societies.
In this case the living human
organism and a machine (i.e.
electrical impedance driven device)
form an energetic and informational
loop to self-correct aberrant
tissue, organ, or system function.
The signaling developed, displayed a
high voltage (200-300 volts)
extremely short duration (micro
seconds 10-6) damped, sinusoidal
waveform that corresponded to the
digital type signaling in the small
unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Habituation and
accommodation, a common phenomenon
with nerve stimulation was avoided
by the constantly changing
signaling, driven by the cybernetic
loop. In essence the body through
the medium of the skin actually
directed the device as to what type
of energy and information that it
needed.
The analog, perinueral system, body
field was also affected.
Neuro-adaption is an unconscious
biofeedback loop involving a
specific tissue organ, or system and
the brain cortex. When an abnormal
condition occurs, and could include
pathology or trauma, the perinueral
system, or body field senses the
disturbance and sends analog signals
(possibly by incoherence of water
bound collagen or disturbances in
conductance of meridians) to higher
centers in the cortex. Concurrently
nocioceptors (sensory nerve endings
of c-fibers) and c-fibers may sense
a direct disruption due to damage in
their immediate area or sense an
indirect disruption of the body
field and relay digital signaling
through the spinal thalamic tract to
the cortex. The cortex then sets up
an area to deal with the abnormality
comparing the abnormality with a
template of normal. The cortical
center then directs the hypothalamus
to reset the affected area by
physiological intervention,
including the release of modulating
neuro-peptides. After a restoration
of normal, the cortical center
directing the adaptive restoration
dissolves. When the neuro-adaptive
loop breaks down or fails to
complete a successful adaptation,
the biofeedback device is inserted
into the loop to provide energy and
information to complete the process
of adaptation and restoration.
Brooks Smith began teaching his son
electronics when Tim was in the
eighth grade. Together they built
vacuum tube radios, a short wave
radio, and a stereo set. By the time
Tim was in the eleventh grade, he
knew that he was going to be an
electrical engineer. Following
graduation from Southern Methodist
University with his BSEE, Tim joined
Texas Instruments designing
integrated circuit chips. Over the
next four years, Tim designed chips
during work hours and attended night
school to get his MSEE in 1969.
Tim Smith is a truly impressive
electronic engineer. Between the
ages of 24 and 27, Tim Smith managed
the design team that developed the
integrated circuit chips for the
Poseidon and Minuteman Missiles. Tim
Smith also designed the IC chips
that landed the Apollo Astronauts on
the Moon and brought them safely
back home.:p>
At age 29, design engineer Tim Smith
invented the premier logic product
line for Texas Instruments, known in
the industry as Low Power Schottky.
This one product line became the
work horse of the computer and
telecommunication industries,
netting
Texas
Instruments over 30 billion dollars
in sales since its inception in 1971
and has been an integral component
for nearly every major computer
system, telecom system, and military
system in the western world. For
this invention, Mr. Smith received
Texas Instruments’ highest honor—the
Patrick E. Haggerty Innovation
Award. Systems utilizing Tim Smith’s
inventions can be found in all
modern telecom systems, computers,
the Space Shuttle, military fighters
such as the F-14, F-15, the B1 and
B2 bombers, and Boeing/Airbus
airliners. Tim Smith’s innovations
touch the lives of billions of
people around the world every day.
Anyone who flies on a commercial
airliner or uses a cell phone or
computer has been touched by Tim
Smith’s work.
After building a legacy at Texas
Instruments by further developing
the Analog and CMOS businesses, Mr.
Smith left TI to pursue other
ventures. Searching for an endeavor
worthy of his calling, and desiring
to utilize the wealth of knowledge
and experience gained in his
engineering career, Tim Smith
focused on the problem of human and
animal pain. A truly universal
problem in need of more effective
solutions, pain cuts across species,
gender, race, age, and geography,
leaving no one on the planet
untouched. In 2009 chronic pain is
estimated to cost the
US
economy $150 billion per year.
A better answer to pain would be one
simple-to-use device, possessing
greater therapeutic and cost
effectiveness, and
non-pharmaceutical in nature. By
achieving these goals, Tim Smith
realized he could again touch
billions of lives on a scale similar
to his earlier days at TI. In 2004
Tim Smith founded Avazzia, Inc. as a
platform to develop high technology
medical electronic therapeutic and
diagnostic devices, especially
emphasizing an electronic answer to
the problem of pain!
The realization that the use of
subtle energy with the correct
signature can influence physiologic
mechanisms for tissue regeneration,
pain abatement, and immune
modulation in living organisms
became his new passion. Tim Smith
has positioned Avazzia to become a
worldwide leader in translating
doctors’ and medical scientists’
diagnostic and therapeutic concepts
into viable, reliable real life
working technology. When asked about
his vision, his response is that
subtle energy can impact how
medicine is practiced on a global
scale. The future vision for Avazzia
is where modern electronics meets
modern medicine to provide
practical, effective solutions now
and for generations to come!
